Whitney Museum of American Art

The Whitney Museum of American Art, often referred to simply as "the Whitney", is an art museumwith a focus on 20th- and 21st-century American art located at 945 Madison Avenue at 75th Street in New York City. The Whitney's permanent collection comprises more than 19,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos, and new media by more than 2,900 artists. The Whitney places a particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists for its collection as well as maintaining an extensive permanent collection containing many important pieces from the first half of the last century. The museum's Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger and less well-known artists whose work is showcased by the museum.

History 

The Whitney's original location, at 8–12 West 8th Street, between Fifth Avenue and MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village

Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the museum's namesake and founder, was herself a well-regarded sculptor as well as a serious art collector. As a patron of the arts, she had already achieved some success as the creator of the "Whitney Studio Club," a New York–based exhibition space which she created in 1918 to promote the works of avant-gardeand unrecognized American artists. With the aid of her assistant,Juliana Force, Whitney had collected nearly 700 works of American art, which she offered to donate to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1929, but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American Art, in 1929. In 1931, architect Noel L. Miller converted three row houses on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village – one of which had been the location of the "Studio Club" – to be the museum's home as well as a residence for Whitney. Force became the first director of the museum, and under her guidance, the museum concentrated on displaying the works of new and contemporary American artists.

In 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to a small structure behind the Museum of Modern Art. On April 15, 1958 a fire on the second floor of MOMA that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings and staff on MOMA's upper floors to the Whitney. Among the paintings moved in the evacuation was Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago.

In 1961 the museum began seeking a site for a larger building. The Whitney settled in 1966 at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue at 75th Street inManhattan's Upper East Side. The present building, planned and built 1963–1966 by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith in a distinctively modern style, is easily distinguished from the neighboring townhouses by its staircase façade made from granite stones and its external upside-down windows.

However, the institution has been grappling with space problems for decades. From 1973 to 1983 the Whitney operated its first branch at 55 Water Street, in a building owned by Harold Uris who gave the museum a lease for $1 a year. In 1983 Philip Morris installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981 the museum opened an exhibition space in Stamford, Connecticut, that was housed in Champion International Corporation. In the late 1980s, the Whitney entered into arrangements with Park Tower Realty, I.B.M. and the The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, setting up satellite museums with rotating exhibitions in the lobbies of their buildings. Each museum had its own director, and all plans were to be approved by a Whitney committee.

Since the 1980s the institution has tried to expand its landmark building, hiring star architects to design additions. But each time the effort was abandoned, either because of the cost or the design or both. In order to secure additional space for the museum’s collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story, $37.5-million addition to the Whitney’s main building. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, drew immediate opposition. Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to the East 74th Streetcorner for a complementary addition. After the project gradually lost the support of many of the museum’s trustees, the plans were dropped in 1989. Between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and addition by Richard Gluckman. In 2001, Rem Koolhaas was commissioned to submit two designs for a $200 million expansion; plans were dropped again in 2003, causing director Maxwell L. Anderson to resign. The museum has, in addition to its expansion plans, reached out to other cultural organizations, including the International Center for Photography, the Dia Art Foundation and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, about potential partnerships with the Whitney in which they might share costs and collaborate on exhibitions.

The Whitney is developing a new main building designed by Renzo Piano at the Meatpacking District in lower Manhattan. The new museum on Gansevoort Street, built on a previously city-owned site at the entrance to the High Line, will mark the southern entrance to the High Line (New York City)park. Construction began in 2010 and is expected to be completed by 2015. New York restaurateur, Danny Meyer opened Untitled, a restaurant in the museum in March 2011. The space is designed by the Rockwell Group The museum says it needs to raise $720 million for the 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) meatpacking building. In May 2011 the Metropolitan Museum of Art announced it had entered into an agreement to occupy the Madison Avenue building for at least eight years starting in 2015 easing the Whitney of the burden of having to finance two large museums.

Collection 

Night view of Whitney Museum of American Art

The museum displays paintings,drawings, prints, sculptures,installation art, video, andphotography. Every two years, the museum hosts the Whitney Biennial, an international art show which displays many lesser-known artists new to the American art scene. It has displayed works by many notable artists, including even Arnold Schwarzenegger.

The original 600 works in the permanent collection grew to about 1,300 by 1954 when the second Museum building opened, and to approximately 2,000 with the opening of the Breuer building in 1966. Today the permanent collection contains more than 18,000 works of art from many renowned artists. Artists represented include Josef Albers, Donald Baechler, Thomas Hart Benton, Lucile Blanch, Louise Bourgeois, Charles Burchfield, Alexander Calder, Greg Colson, Dan Christensen, Ronald Davis, Stuart Davis, Richard Diebenkorn, Arthur Dove,William Eggleston, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Keith Haring, Grace Hartigan, Marsden Hartley, Robert Henri, Eva Hesse, Hans Hofmann, Edward Hopper, Jasper Johns, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Ronnie Landfield, John Marin, Knox Martin, John McCracken, John McLaughlin, Robert Motherwell, Bruce Nauman, Louise Nevelson, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland,Jackson Pollock, Maurice Prendergast, Kenneth Price, Robert Rauschenberg,Man Ray, Mark Rothko, Morgan Russell, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Cindy Sherman,John Sloan, Paul Pfeiffer, Andy Warhol, and hundreds of others. A photography collection was begun in 1991.

Artport 
In addition to its traditional collection the Whitney has a website, called Artport, that features "Net Art" that changes monthly.

Deaccessioning 
The Whitney Museum of American Art will not sell any work by a living artist because it could damage that artist’s career. But it will trade a living artist’s work for another piece by the same artist.

Independent study program 
In 1968, Ron Clark, at the age of 25, established in conjunction with the Whitney Museum of American Art an independent study program (known as the ISP or sometimes the Whitney ISP), which helped start the careers of artists, critics, and curators including Jenny Holzer, Andrea Fraser,Julian Schnabel, Kathryn Bigelow, Roberta Smith, and Félix González-Torres, as well as many other well-known and influential cultural producers. The program includes both art history and studio programs. Each year the Independent Study Program selects fourteen students to participate in the Studio Program (artists), four in the Curatorial Program (curators) and six in the Critical Studies Program (researchers). It is a one year program that includes many both visiting and hired influential artists, art historians, and critics and involves the reading of theory. Ron Clark remains director of the program.

Notable alumni
Jennifer Allora – 1998–1999
Ashley Bickerton – 1982
Kathryn Bigelow – 1971
Mark Dion – 1985
Andrea Fraser – 1986
Renée Green – 1989
Félix González-Torres – 1980, 1983
Ryan Humphrey – 2005–2006
Jenny Holzer – 1976
Mary Kelly – 1987
Sarah Morris – 1989–1990
Bettina Pousttchi – 1999–2000
Julian Schnabel – 1973
Katharina Sieverding – 1976
Roberta Smith – 1969
Rirkrit Tiravanija – 1986
Paul Pfeiffer – 1997–1998

Governance 
Funding 
As of March 2011, the Whitney's endowment equaled $207 million; the museum expects to raise $625 million from its capital campaign by 2015.Historically, the operating performance has been essentially breakeven.The museum restricts the use of its endowment fund to cover yearly operating expenses to 5 percent of the fund’s value. The Whitney has historically depended on private collectors and donors for acquisitions of new art. However, donations for new purchases have dropped recently, to $1.3 million in 2010 from $2.7 million in 2006. In 2008, Leonard A. Lauder gave the museum $131 million, the biggest donation in the Whitney’s history.

Directors 
The museum's current director is Adam Weinberg (since 2003). Former directors include Maxwell L. Anderson (1998–2003), David A. Ross (1991–1997), Thomas Armstrong III (1974–1990), and Juliana Rieser Force (1931–1948).

Board of Trustees 
For years Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney supported the museum single-handedly, as did her daughter, Flora Whitney Miller, after her, and until 1961 its board was largely family-run. Flora Payne Whitney, served as a museum trustee, then as vice president. From 1942 to 1974 she was the museum's president and chairman after which she functioned as honorary chairman until her death in 1986. Her daughter, Flora Miller Biddle, served as its president until 1985. In 1999, her book The Whitney Women and the Museum They Made was published.

In 1961, the need for outside support finally forced the board to add outside trustees, including bankers Roy Neuberger and Arthur G. Altschul. David Solinger became the Whitney's first outside president in 1966.

Leonard A. Lauder, Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees
Flora Miller Biddle, Honorary Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Robert J. Hurst, Co-Chair of the Board of Trustees
Brooke Garber Neidich, Co-Chair of the Board of Trustees
Neil Bluhm, President of the Board of Trustees
Adam D. Weinberg, Alice Pratt Brown Director of the Whitney
John Stanley, Chief Operating Officer