Foreword
Chinese in American history, is a not through violent revolution, by virtue of the current system and their own efforts to change the fate of a step by step, into the mainstream of history. At this point, recalling the Chinese Exclusion Act, pushing Congress to apologize for the ethnic Chinese community, as well as the positioning of American society, has far-reaching significance.

Who ever did so plainly as the Chinese are racially based exclusion from the mainstream for decades. Which one another in such discrimination in the nation through peaceful struggle to achieve such success. No one race riots, no one community riots. Chinese people smart, patience and excellent, reflected most vividly.Chinese in America everything from hard-working, gritty.With extraordinary perseverance, hard accumulation.From the legal framework, step by step, according to struggle.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, the U.S. government and all walks of life continue efforts to set things right, but also reflects the strong vitality of the U.S. system. Freedom of speech, broadly representative, three powers, as well as the founding spirit of human rights law, as self-correction, providing possible.
September 14, 2000, Levin and acquitted. Judge Parker sentencing court conservatives moved. Levin and personally to apologize harshly condemning injustice initiator - the federal government. The face of this curtain, we have mixed feelings. American mainstream for ethnic identity is still a long way to go, we have a lot of work to do.

Days Gentleman improvement. After 160 years of struggle, the Chinese civil rights, long way to go.

The origin of Chinese Exclusion Act
In 1849, Chinese immigrants began landing the United States. Since then, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. In order to avoid war, by the railway companies to recruit, 100,000 Chinese laborers into the United States built the American Western Railway, and brought to California agriculture irrigation systems. Prior to the gold rush has begun to attract large numbers of immigrants prospectors gathered California, opened Chinese and other ethnic harmony history.

However, the Chinese are far not been accepted by mainstream society. Chinese living habits are different, diligence and frugality, are often able to do what others are unwilling to do the work, sent to China to accumulate capital. These are caused by many mainstream social discontent and jealousy. Exclusion trend first began to spread from California. Although the Chinese have made great contributions in California, however, but in early Chinese exclusion and siege, besieged on all sides, very tragic situation:

- Back in 1850, California's "foreign miners license tax" on the requirement for each pay $ 20 per month laborers taxes. The tax revenue in 1870 accounted for prior to half of the total tax revenue in California;

Fifties and sixties of the 19th Century Chinese children have not attended public schools, the Chinese can not own real estate, nor sent to the Chinese business license and other discriminatory provisions;

- The 1860s, the Great Depression, making the job difficult, anti-Chinese sentiment continues to climb.

- October 24, 1871, Los Angeles in Los Angeles mob of hundreds of whites Negro Alley - with killing 19 Chinese, six years later, the same area was burned down all Chinese house; instigated the anti-China groups, 1876 and 1877 white racism armed attack occurs twice in San Francisco's Chinatown unrest.

- To the late 1870s, "Chinese guys must get out," the clamor has been flooded throughout California, and further expansion of the country. Congress on June 17, 1878 passed a resolution urging the government to stop Chinese immigration;

- February 15, 1879, Congress passed a bill to prohibit any carrying more than 15 Chinese vessels entering the United States;

- 1882, the California Republican Senator Miller proposed to suspend laborers to the United States Senate. The proposal in the Senate debate eight days, and the South Western United States Senator bipartisan support. Senate ballot passed with 29 in 15 Chinese Exclusion Act; House of Representatives and then to 167 votes to 66 votes (55 abstentions) adopted.

- In 1924, Congress expanded the "Chinese Exclusion Act", these restrictions will be imposed on all the Asian races. Until the mid-20th century these unconscionable restrictions were phased out before the ethnic Chinese has been living in isolation in so-called "China City" fend for themselves.

Chinese Exclusion Act is an American national humiliation. It not only violates the spirit of the Constitution, but also trampled on the core values of freedom and equality. The bill not only prohibits Chinese immigrants to the United States, his wife and children reunion, but does not allow the formation of the Chinese new family here. It provides that any Chinese can not leave the United States free to return to the United States, ethnic Chinese have been deprived of becoming a U.S. citizen, even as court witnesses of their rights.

So far, had deposed the "Chinese Exclusion Act" is still hanging on in the United States Code. It always drilled icy tomb, such as floating ghost plaguing Chinese society and new immigrants.

Public institutions to help Chinese protest:

The conscience of mankind and not because of a draconian devoid of racial discrimination. American public has been helping the Chinese carried gamely struggle.

- New York State Supreme Court Judge Ramsey in January 1883 to a naturalized Chinese name is Lin Fang said that under New York law, the court of any application for naturalization of foreigners are not rejected.

- In 1882, Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts that "Chinese Exclusion Act", "naked legalized racial discrimination."

- 1893, Massachusetts Congressman Morse said, "at the 52nd Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, I think it is inhumane and unjust."

- From 1870 to 1890 years, the famous writer Mark Twain also witnesses to this history, he used the pen goodness and justice continue to appeal to the ethnic injustice suffered.

- U.S. church groups have been active in solidarity with the Chinese protest action. 1892 Ma province 2500 celebrity signature petition, repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act.

- Philadelphia titled "Global Coalition for Peace," the memorandum submitted to the Congress organization, condemned the Chinese Exclusion Act.

- 1893, Minnesota has 57 group members and a 3000 individual members of religious alliances, and Indiana 35000 Catholic church groups are urging Congress to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act. Some entrepreneurs and public interest groups to express their objections to the Chinese Exclusion Act, and the enforcement of these laws condemning officials.

- Some influential U.S. newspapers, such as "New York Times", "popular" magazine also publicly criticized the Chinese Exclusion Act retrograde.

- In 1905, Theodore - President Roosevelt to Congress in the fifth annual message, advocating justice to the Chinese. He talked about the discriminatory exclusion of Chinese immigrants serious consequences of policy, said: "In their efforts to implement excluded laborers (Chinese coolies)'s policy, our country is very unfair to China in the past, and has done wrong, and so in the end or on the U.S. itself of such consequence. "

- December 17, 1943, U.S. President Franklin - Roosevelt signed a decree repealing "Chinese Exclusion Act." He said: "Congress and, like individuals, can make mistakes and we have enough courage to admit past mistakes and correct them." "By repealing" Chinese Exclusion Act ", we can correct a historic mistake ...... the Chinese people than some of the other Asians occupies an advantageous position compared to their honor and freedom ...... made a great contribution to the cause, so they deserve such benefits. "" To take that long to take measures to rectify past injustice to our friends. "

After the adoption of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Chinese efforts to pursue the American dream, never stopped.

- 1882 later, despite strict restrictions everywhere, but CT, PA, MI, SD, ND, WA, MO, NJ, KS, LA, NY and other states still allow the court to accept citizenship, many Chinese clever use of U.S. law that voids, apply to become a U.S. citizen.

- Chinese in the U.S. Army, Armed Forces Service Act, the use of 1919 to acquire a nationality. Some Chinese to apply for entry hopeless, the use of United States and Canada border, the US-Mexican border, to take detour way into the United States, and then surrendered to the government initiative to avoid immigration officials deliberately making things difficult, through the federal court habeas corpus obtained legal immigration documents .

According to reports, in 1882 and in 1886 four years, a total of 1684 after the Chinese refused entry to the court's request for habeas corpus. Where 1402 people, that is 84% of applicants get an entry permit the court, entered the United States through normal legal procedures. (U.S. National Archives, Immigration Exclusion Archives, 3358d/31 No.)

The repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, Mai Nuosen bill, immigration re-open its doors to the ethnic Chinese
- 1943 Mai Nuosen through, (Magnuson Act), the Chinese Exclusion Act repealed, so far, the Chinese immigrants to the United States with an annual quota of 105 people.

- 50 years later, the Negro as the vanguard of the U.S., including the Chinese minorities against racial discrimination, the rights of the civil rights movement to fight rising levels that swept the nation. Mai Nuosen bill has been unable to meet the situation, therefore, in 1965 the U.S. Congress passed the "Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments," among countries in the world to implement an equal quota of immigrants, Chinese immigrants to the United States each year 20,000 people.

- In 1982, the United States Government to amend the bill to allow Chinese mainland and Taiwan, 20,000 immigrants annually to the United States.

- 1990 United States once again to adjust quotas to allow Hong Kong emigrated to the U.S. 10,000 per year. In other words, China (including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau) annually to the U.S. immigration quota of 50,000. Chinese immigrants to the United States opened the door, the rapid growth of the Chinese American population, in 1970 to 435,062 people in 1980 to 806.027 people, to 1990, the Chinese American population reached 1,645,472 people.

Chinese-American community to become the fastest-growing ethnic group. Chinese social integration with the United States, in full swing again.