The earliest Chinese American immigrant communities ── Chinatown (Chinatown), appeared in the 19th century, it The west coast of the U.S. anti-China campaign in history and in 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act the federal government a direct consequence. In the Sui After development, Chinatown, and gradually formed its distinctive ethno-cultural and economic characteristics, has won the early Chinese immigrants China's identity, become one of the most unique ethnic enclaves. In the past 30 years, along with China Rapidly growing Hispanic population, as well as new immigrants continues to increase, the Chinese American immigrant community has undergone a drastic change Technology, especially in the east and west coasts of traditional Chinese population of the city and its suburbs, and never set foot in many past Chinese Other cities emerged in the traditional Chinatown has a qualitatively different ghettos new Chinese immigrants. The earliest history of Chinese immigrants in the United States can be traced back to late 1840s. China reach the United States in the early People, mainly from Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta Four Counties in rural areas, most of the western United States should be wide open Development and railways have been recruited workers or coolies. 1851-1870 period, almost all Chinese workers Concentrated in California, 84% of the labor in the mines. These early Chinese laborers to the United States did not intend to take root in the United States, they The ideal is to make a fortune and then gold homecoming. But when mining and railway Xiu recession, they soon discovered Himself the object of discrimination and exclusion. Especially in the 1870s, the laborers by the local white working Strong anti-harassment and emotional union strongly reject whites, and whites fight for a job is considered to be the "yellow peril" In the "Chinese guys go home," the slogan, California Labor Party push the U.S. Congress in 1882 passed the Chinese Exclusion Act Case, after 1892 and the bill to extend indefinitely and without extended to all Asian immigrants. Constraints in the Chinese Exclusion Act And the American Society of inadmissible cases, Chinese immigrants can only put their rings in a small area with the outside world , The part of the Chinese in order to escape persecution in California could, fled to the city of the northeastern coast of the United States, which On the formation of early American coasts city's Chinatown, the famous San Francisco and New York's Chinatown can be described as the U.S. The oldest, largest and most far-reaching Chinese immigrant community. In contrast, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston's Chinatown and some other large cities much smaller, but its history and impact on Chinese immigrants and As much as San Francisco and New York's Chinatown. Early American Chinatowns have several common characteristics. First, a single source. Chinese immigrants mainly come Four Counties from Guangdong Pearl River Delta region and its farmers. Since these early immigrants existence of various weaknesses and Various obstacles, such as low levels of literacy and non-harmonic English, lack of suitable market needs skilled and experience, and the United States Do not understand the country's social, etc., plus the mainstream society of racial discrimination and exclusion, they are impossible to quickly enter the Mainstream American society and the economy, but only live in Chinatown, Chinatown, ethnic economic survival depends, in turn stops Stable foothold, long-term perspective. Second, community structure closed. Community structure is the core of the traditional, feudal family Style and members of the three categories overlap community-based organizations (clan associations, Association and Chamber of Commerce). Community-based organizations to build Establishment and development of the United States not only directly satisfy those men alone laborers in the social, cultural and economic aspects of a variety of needs

2 You want to consolidate ethnic solidarity, but also on community affairs, especially economic life of the community have an important shadow Rang. For example, the small size of the organization clan 20 to 100 people, and even to a few hundred to thousands, these organizations Often family-style, with a dedicated space for the members of the board, business, employment, recreation and other services. Later, resulting CCBA will not only clan organization, regional organizations and local chambers of commerce placed under the unified leadership, but also continue to benefit Relationships with a variety of organizations, employer relations, Chinese traditional culture, kinship to strengthen its powers to community life And orderly management of commercial activities, community affairs and regulate personal behavior and, externally, on behalf of the Chinese, for the community Rights of its members to fight. Third, ethnic unitary. Chinatown is dominated by ethnic Chinese, and Guangdong dialect prevalent Four Counties Words, the relationship between people is reflected in the family, clan, and folks relations and are subject to a blood, pro- Edge, geopolitical and dialects, family-based network of relationships, ethnic internal cohesion is strong. It can be said, Chinese Street all social and commercial activities are associated with a small circle of clan or clan groups on the network, are in face to face Intimate interaction between environment, social functioning, all relevant business and economic activities and the opening of the service, servants Messages are returned through face to face communication methods transitive. Fourth, the Chinese economy are small, single-industry structure A focus on labor-intensive restaurant industry, retail trade and laundry industry. Chinese immigrant communities in the United States during World War II transformation began in the Chinese Exclusion Act revoked and the war, but a fundamental change Appeared in the 1980s and 1990s. Transformation of the Chinese immigrant community is mainly due to immigration law reform Leather and the consequent rising tide of emigration. The U.S. government in 1965 through the immigration reform bill, put Wide immigration policy, the abolition of national quotas restrictions on immigration, family reunification priority, while opening professional and technical people Talents and advanced skills of labor migration, the Migration Amendment Act implemented in 1968. Caused by the immigration reform bill An unexpected result is a large number of decision-makers in Asia and Latin America, the arrival of immigrants. First, a large number of Chinese immigrants From Taiwan, Hong Kong, and then from the continent and around the world came to the United States, these new immigrants brought various origins Human and material resources, which greatly promoted the transformation of the Chinese immigrant community. According to statistics, from 1960 to 2000 In four decades, the Chinese American population full turn 10 Fan; 1960 Chinese American is less than 24 million people, 2000 reached more than 280 million people (including nearly 500,000 ethnic Chinese half-breed). Only from 1961 to 2000 In these 40 years, there are nearly 1.3 million Chinese to permanent resident status from the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan Migration from the United States. Later, in 1965, to Chinese immigrants settled in the United States (hereinafter referred to as new immigrants) is about 80% or more Family-based immigration, about 20% belong to professional immigrants. Chinese immigrants earlier Chinese immigrants has several distinct characteristics: First, the source of many new immigrants Diversified. Almost all early immigrants from the southern part of Guangdong, and the new Chinese immigrants not only from the Chinese mainland Provinces and cities, but also from Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries in Southeast Asia or Latin America. In Los Angeles, for example, American-born Chinese population in Los Angeles, Chinese accounted for 23% of the total population, Chinese immigrants from mainland China accounted for 27%, 20% from Taiwan, from Hong Kong accounted for 8% and the remaining 22% from around the world. Secondly, the new Immigrants from different socio-economic backgrounds. Most of the early settlers of literacy, educational level is low, to the United States With virtually no education, there is no corresponding labor skills and money savings, these laborers were forced to engage in low-paid Work, poly living in poor Chinatown. The new immigrants on the contrary, many of them were from all City of the middle class, not only brought more comfortable money savings, but also has a much higher level than the average American's Level of education and expertise. From the United States point of view, the educational level of Chinese immigrants is higher than the U.S. adult Population average. Chinese immigrants in the labor force engaged in professional work is also higher than the proportion of white Americans. This In addition, the Chinese average annual household income levels higher than the corresponding U.S. household income level. Furthermore, the new immigrants in the United States The centralization of settlement patterns on the one hand shows that new immigrants continue to focus on the western and north-eastern immigrants are more concentrated Metropolitan areas. California, a state only on the concentration of more than 40% of Chinese immigrants, New York 16% concentrated in summer Hawaii state concentration of 6%. It also shows that proliferation of. New immigrants to the United States have begun some other diaspora

3 Chinese rarely set foot in the history of states, such as Tennessee, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Washington, Buddhism LuoLida York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Chinese population in these states are more than 10 People. In San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Boston's Chinatown in these cities, are traditionally Chinese immigrant ghettos, and now continues to exist and acceptance of new immigrants, but these traditional ghettos for Xu Many new immigrants settled in is no longer a major. Especially for those affluent and highly skilled new immigrants, After arrival in the U.S. Located in the Chinatown intentionally bypassed directly in suburban middle-class residential area home buyers to settle. To In 2000, only 2% of the Los Angeles Chinese living in Chinatown, too, San Francisco and New York, and only 8% 14% of Chinese were living in their own Chinatown. The majority of the Chinese population scattered in the suburbs, including Xinhua Immigrants ghettos. Areas such as New York City, Flushing (Flushing) and the Los Angeles area Monterey Park (Monterey Park) is one of the typical. Flushing, Queens, New York City, a residential area in the north, but it is far from the center of New York City Manhattan's Chinatown. In the 1970s, the Asian and Latin American continents moved large numbers of immigrants before, France Flushing is a typical cozy, sparse population in urban fringe of white residential areas. The Chinese and other less Welcome to ethnic minorities is not to be living in this region. Flushing in the early 1960s, only a Chinese meal Shop and a laundry room, Chinese and other ethnic minority families are few. Flushing is started in the 1960s With mainstream American suburbanization and economic system transformation recession, the white population declined sharply. Until now, 70 years With a large number of medium-term migrants, especially the arrival of Asian immigrants began to flourish. The data show that from The ten years from 1980 to 1990, the population grew by 14% in Flushing, New York City is the population growth rate of four Times, this phenomenon of rapid population growth continued into the late 20th century. In the past 30 years time, the population trend in the Flushing two characteristics, namely, in the United States this Soil born white residents from Flushing rapid outward migration and aging, resulting in declining proportion of the population; two Is a new influx of immigrants, ethnic minorities continue to rise. Flushing out the migration of white residents Much faster than the New York City. From 1970 to 2000 these two decades, the white residents who Flushing Proportion of the population and a sharp decline from 93% to 13%, compared with 2000, the entire population of New York City residents than whites 40% of cases. The Flushing Chinese and other Asian residents proportion of the population from 1970 to rise to 6% 2000 of 56%. Flushing the three largest Asian immigrant groups are Chinese, South Koreans and Indians, whose China Hispanic population accounted for 27% of the total population in Flushing, Korean population accounted for 13% and accounted for 10% of the Indian population. Manufacturers in Flushing Business center is also manifested the characteristics of these three ethnic groups, although Flushing often called the "second Chinatown", but Early Chinatown Chinese ethnic unity with this feature compared to Flushing to Asian-based, multi-ethnic mix of special Sign showing very clear. In a large influx of immigrants before the Flushing community economy based mainly in retailing, from smaller franchise Shops and retail stores constitute service of these, such as furniture stores, shops and restaurants, etc. are mostly based on "Cardiff Wife "in the form of store operations, there are several department stores and supermarket chains. Early 1970s, all New Zealand About the severe impact of the economic recession in Flushing community economy, so many small shops and businesses shuttered closed down. With In the late 1970s the arrival of Asian immigrants, Flushing was only injected a large amount of foreign financial capital, community economic result Began to change, recovery and prosperity. Today, the new business activity expands the existing central business district, the Chinese Owned businesses and service industries are estimated to account for two-thirds to three-quarters of all business between. Chinese enterprises kinds Many classes, like other small city compared to comparable commercial district. Commercial Street in the community center and transportation of Heart, you can see a number of large U.S. bank branches and an Asian bank, multilingual signs and billboards erected in the business The most prosperous industry at the intersection. Out of the subway station, people will see a lot of high-end features in the restaurants and varieties Range of Chinese supermarkets, the whole environment is dotted with Chinese operators with small coffee shop, fruit shop, a pharmacy and a snack bar and