There is no record of a Bible being used from the time of George Washington's second inauguration through to the inauguration of John Quincy Adams.

The only record of John Tyler's "swearing-in" is an affidavit where there's no mention of a Bible.

Some say Franklin Pierce affirmed his oath of office on a law book.

Theodore Roosevelt did not use a Bible at his first swearing-in ceremony.

Calvin Coolidge did not place his hand on the Bible, which was close-by, when sworn in by his father.

Rutherford B. Hayes, at his Sunday, March 3, 1877 private ceremony, did not use a Bible.

JFK did not place his hand on his family Duoay Bible, which rested on top of the podium.

London B. Johnson used Jacqueline Kennedy's Catholic Missal (prayer book) while on board Air Force One, after Kennedy had been shot. Staff could not find a bible on the plane.